07. Socialist America - The Suburbs
Korea and after. . .
August 14, President Harry S. Truman announced news of Japan’s surrender.
1945 - The Soviets and Americans divide the spoils of war after the surrender of Japan, this included Korea, which had been occupied by Japan since 1910.
1949 - The Soviets had successfully exploded their own atomic bomb
1950 - Stalin signed an alliance with Mao Tse Tung's new communist government in China
U.S. President Harry S. Truman's concerns over Soviet expansion under Joseph Stalin a threat to world peace.
"Truman Doctrine" promised aid to countries facing threats from Communism.
The 38th Parrallel
Korea was going to be the first arena for a new type of 'proxy war' in which the main super powers would support their 'side' with military aid.
At the end of WW2, Korea had initially been divided into two separate halves, As the USSR and the West moved into the cold war era, the Korean peninsula became a symbol for both ideologies, a chessboard upon which the game of superpower politics could be played out whilst avoiding a direct confrontation.
And what ensued became the pattern that would continue throughout the cold war era.
The center of this particular chessboard was upon the 38th parrallel, drawn up directly in the middle of the peninsula. This regarded as a temporary arrangement by the rulers of each sector who looked towards a reunification under their particular regime. In the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994)was emboldened by the support he enjoyed from China as well as the Soviets. It was his agressive push into the south, which was presently controlled by the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965), that eventually escalated into a full blown confrontation which shortly drew in a reluctant USA.
Non-intervention was just not considered an option by the US, and of course the newly formed United Nations who agreed. But the UN forces made up less than 20% of the armies sent and the bulk of the mission fell on the shoulders of the USA.
The Forgotton War
The UN forces arrived to rescue a badly battered Korean army that had been pushed back by a surprise attack from the North.
But the poorly prepared UN army found itself sqaushed into a pocket in the extreme southern end of the Peninsula and looking down the barrel at a humiliating defeat.
It was the charismatic 2nd world war hero of the the Phillipines General Douglas McArthur who formulated a bold plan that swung the balance in favor of the western allies. After a succesful counterstrike which put the US forces within reach of the Northern Korean border, the Chinese considered this was enough of a threat to throw their vast army into the conflict. Of course the balance then swung the other way again. . .
After three messy and bloody years and nearly 5 million deaths a stalemate ensued . . .
The border was re-established at the 38th parrallel exactly where it was at the beginning.
The 1950s are noted in U.S. history as a time of compliance, conformity... as well as rebellion. The domestic scene saw two-parent families (with father at work and mother at home) promoted in popular TV shows like Leave it to Beaver. Social undercurrents subverting this view were seen in beat poetry, rock 'n' roll music, and in movies like Rebel Without a Cause starring teen heartthrob James Dean.
Roughly 60% of Americans fell under the category of the middle class. New highways and inexpensive cars ($2,000) and cheap gas (20 cents/gallon) made commuting to work possible.
This, in turn, allowed people to live in the suburbs. Fast-food (like McDonald's) fueled this "go-go-go" mentality. New fashions, slang words, music, and cars prompted many to dub it the "Fabulous" Fifties. But, as was the case with the "Roaring" Twenties, prosperity failed to reach everyone.
Of course there was the periphery, the drop outs and misfits who just couldn't keep up with the rest of them or didn't feel comfortable or at home in this time of conformity and conservatism.
The Rebels - Without Cause
Society has always had its misfits, people who cannot hide their weaknesses and their addictions. Also there are those non-conformists who have an instinctive abhorrence of social norms and constraints. Those who love freedom of expression and an unfetterred lifestyle. Who would speak for this segment of the post war America populace?
We were now well down time line since the pognostications of Nietzsche and other Darwinists seeking a brave new world. Just as these were adopted by the Russians who now had a government sanctioned religion of Marxist Atheism, at least in principle. . . there were many Americans who believed Marxism and Socialism had not been given a fair chance. It was the new method of government for a new world, that new world was the USA.
Aldous Huxly and George Orwell had already make gloomy predictions for the future of mankind as a Dystopian technological society controlled by faceless dictators. But they had already been disillusioned by what they had seen in Stalinist Russia. However in the USA there were still many Americans who hoped for a more succesful implementation of a socialist type state.
Well of course there too were the Puritan Christians who had escaped the autocratic choke hold the Roman Catholic Church in Europe and were also looking for a new freedom of religion in America. But generally, the USA was polarised already by this time with the more conservative congregating in the southern interior in the rural and farming communities. On the two coastlines and larger city centres being more liberal or leftist minded who embraced Atheism as a world view and Darwinism as its core belief.
The White Migration
These people are young newly weds who lived in the new rapidly growing suburbs, vast areas outside the cities in houses that looked very similar but were comfortable and filled with the new household inventions. They all worked hard and left their wives at home, to have kids. . . lots of them. These are the beginnings of the baby boomers.
They were conservative and conformists.
The Middle Class Philosophy
They also seemed to have clung to the religious traditions of Christianity but had lost their belief in them. many had not made a decision about the Church and were happy to continue the tradition of Christianity without believing. Their new God was rather, materialism, hard work and study could get you things. . . to make you happy and safe and buy you time for leisure and entertainment. . . Many would not admit this, but felt strongly about maintaining the systems and traditions as a convention that kept society stable.
The business of Church was maintained - to perform marriages and funerals and for christening babies. An institution that was attended once a week to hear nice things about "loving thy neighbor" whilst the family roast was left sizzling in the oven or having a barbecue with a beloved neighbor.
What Could Go Wrong?
It was the children of these middle class Americans who began to demonstrate the great swing away from their parents long cherished values, they wanted their own culture and their own values. They seemed to be dissatisfied, restless, rebellious . . . Parents wondered why, and scratched their heads.
Another Untapped Opportunity. . .
One of the most ironic aspects of all this is the soulless manufacturing companies simply began to become aware of a new lucrative 'Youth culture' market to exploit. . . We will see how the hippies tried to eliminate fashion in the 60's, only to start a whole new one. The Punks in the 70's tried it again only to see Punk anti-fashion become a slightly more coifed high fashion among the yuppies of the 80's.
Forgotten America
There were many who noticed the hypocrisy of this narrowly focussed life style, America was living in a media induced haze that did not really reflect reality. The magazines and the TV did not really show the country in an accurate light.
So whilst it was true, that many post war (white) Americans had good jobs, were able to pay their Mortgages as well as buy the latest gadgets and have a holiday abroad once or twice a year, there were millions of Americans still living in Poverty, the black population were as oppressed and discriminated against as much as ever.
White Americans were incentivised to move to the new modern suburbs, there was a steady migration out of the cties - dubbed "the White flight". Poorer people who did not qaulify for a suburban house, and black city dwellers, were left behind, they were poor tax payers and were subsequently concentrated into crime riddled ghettos. This poverty level was by and large kept out of the media and generally people were not even aware of it. Some refused to believe poverty could exist in Earth's richest nation. And the urban poor had few advocates to call attention to their plight.
An article in Fortune magazine confidently declared in 1960 that poverty in the U.S. "would be eliminated by the end of the decade"
From the end of WWII until 1960, nearly five million African-Americans continued their exodus from the rural South to Northern cities. (By 1950, one-third of blacks lived outside of the South.)
By 1960, almost three out of five Southern blacks lived in towns and cities, concentrated in large metropolitan areas like Atlanta and Washington, D.C. Large-scale migration to cities caused rising ambitions and expectations for equality. This soon became evident in the Civil Rights Movement. The "other" America could no longer be ignored.
The desperate plight of the Black city dwellers who had migrated from the south looking for a better life far was ignored by everyone. The white dominated Art establishment was divided between the regionalists and the abstractionists, and neither of them were interested in "colored Art"
If anybody had anything to say about afro Americans it was going to have to come from within their own ranks. . .
Artists Like Jacob Lawrence
The Black Migration
In 1941, Jacob Lawrence, then just 23 years old, completed a series of 60 small tempera paintings with text captions about the Great Migration, the multi-decade mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North that started around 1915.
During that period, black populations increased by almost forty percent in Northern states, gathering around urban centers like Chicago and New York.
Jacob Lawrence's untutored and simplified figures painted with an instinctive understanding for color and a naive simplified approach to drawing was recognised at the time, as a personal record of a Historic event he lived at the tail end of. He used a simplified and minimalist style to tell an epic story.
This event was largely unreported and ignored by the media and whilst the struggles and deprivations were going on the White population was busy with their own migration, to the suburbs. The modern gadgets they bought to keep their homes cleaned, were going to be used by black 'help' that would travel out to the suburbs to clean the homes of the white owners and then head back to their ghettos in the evenings.
What did the art of the day say about the plight of the black urban dweller? If anyone was going to have something to say it would come from within the cities, by black artist like Charles White.
Charles White, who lived in Chicago.
Instead of plugging into the self indulgent and vacuous intellectual exercises of the New York abstractionists he was far more excited by the Mexican abstract expressionists.
Their art was seen as a clear visual method to inform and educate the people.
This was obviously in complete opposition to the intellectual elitism of the so called modernists and had a direct link to the socialist leanings of the Mexican Muralists.
Its not that he was ignored, on the contrary his talent was indeed recognised, but almost like the regionalists we discussed previously, he was also categorized and put into a box.
The obvious question that arises is - surely this artist was clearly very gifted and truly brilliant, why is he only known today in Art history surveys? His work has the timelessness of all great Art, and yet it is still the abstractionists that are remembered from this time even though the great abstract experiment has become very much a Historical Vignette that is set firmly into the parameters of its time.
Charles whites work does indeed have a Historical setting but it is quite possible to admire any of his works without having to understand or research their Historical context.
The 'Social Realists'
Which strictly speaking belonged to a pre-war group that separated themselves from the modernist work seen at the armory show of 1912. Among these artists were also some strong Socialist leanings which were far more prevalent in the 1920's than in the post-war era.
The dignity of being human
White was determined to ennoble his people, as is plainly evident in his work. He travelled to the south to investigate his roots. It was in this time he developed a new understanding of the beauty of the “Negro” speech, folklore and poetry, dance and music. The music especially moved him. . . the spirituals, blues, ballads, the work songs.
The repercussions of this was going to go much further than he ever would have imagined, and how ironic that the youth of the deeply entrenched suburb dwelling middle class Whites would inadvertently build a bridge between the vast divide between white and black. . .
But more of this later.
In 1947, White travelled to Mexico
He was invited to attend a workshop of the famous muralist David Siquerios. Together they studied and worked at Mexico’s famous graphic workshop Taller de Grafica Popular for nearly a year.
“I saw artists working to create an art about and for the people,” said White of his Mexican experience. This idea that art must relate to all people and reach down to the working class, certainly had some marxist element to its premise. What is also ironic is the work of white elitists like
White post war Americans were paranoid too, this was the age of the great communist threat, quite a different scenario to the emergent Socialist Republic of Russia after world war one was this juggernaut Soviet Socialist union which had nuclear capability. Just imagine how the Marxist propagators of the new World were now suddenly the enemies of the State. At least this was how they were seen by senators like Joseph McCarthy who used American paranoia to promote himself into a powerful political position that then proceeded to initiate a witch hunt that coined a phrase known still today as McCarthyism.
The conservative middle class was happy with things just the way they were, thank you very much, and were determined to protect their new found material wealth from the commy rats and anybody in the USA who threatened their comfortable equilibrium.
Having said that, there was a tacit understanding among the white population that Discrimination had to go, most white suburb dwelling people were familiar with Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe,
To kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
and Showboat by Edna Ferber
Which had all been turned into even more famous movie versions.
These surely must have had an impact on peoples minds. . .
. . . but very little changed
Next: Part 2 The Red Scare
The War to end all wars was quickly followed by . . . Another War.
This is a story that follows the progress of Western culture and art that developed at the end of World War 2. It follows a thread that seems to have a life of its own. I began to write about the Beat Generation as a precursor to the Hippy Movement. But I realized I needed to go back in time to the generation that was born at the end of the War.
This generation called "Baby Boomers" is the group of children that grew up into the Hippies of the sixties. Apart from being a fascinating era in history it acts like a link to the world we live in today.
I wanted to add to the writings of Robert Hughes who spoke of this in his ground breaking TV series "The Stock of the New" in which he stated the Hippies were by and large a continuation of the aims and ideals of the Dada movement.
So because we can, I want to use this blog to create a backdrop to the future development of ideas, philosophy and art through my own experience and research.
This is a story that follows the progress of Western culture and art that developed at the end of World War 2. It follows a thread that seems to have a life of its own. I began to write about the Beat Generation as a precursor to the Hippy Movement. But I realized I needed to go back in time to the generation that was born at the end of the War.
This generation called "Baby Boomers" is the group of children that grew up into the Hippies of the sixties. Apart from being a fascinating era in history it acts like a link to the world we live in today.
I wanted to add to the writings of Robert Hughes who spoke of this in his ground breaking TV series "The Stock of the New" in which he stated the Hippies were by and large a continuation of the aims and ideals of the Dada movement.
So because we can, I want to use this blog to create a backdrop to the future development of ideas, philosophy and art through my own experience and research.
 |
| Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima |
A few Facts To Get Started
1945 - August 6 the American B-29 plane Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, killing more than 70,000 people. Three days later, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing another 40,000. The following day, the Japanese government issued a statement accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.
1945 - August 6 the American B-29 plane Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, killing more than 70,000 people. Three days later, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing another 40,000. The following day, the Japanese government issued a statement accepting the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.
August 14, President Harry S. Truman announced news of Japan’s surrender.
1945 - The Soviets and Americans divide the spoils of war after the surrender of Japan, this included Korea, which had been occupied by Japan since 1910.
1949 - The Soviets had successfully exploded their own atomic bomb
1950 - Stalin signed an alliance with Mao Tse Tung's new communist government in China
U.S. President Harry S. Truman's concerns over Soviet expansion under Joseph Stalin a threat to world peace.
"Truman Doctrine" promised aid to countries facing threats from Communism.
 |
| World divided into Nato and Warsaw Pact and their respective Allies. |
The 38th Parrallel
Korea was going to be the first arena for a new type of 'proxy war' in which the main super powers would support their 'side' with military aid.
At the end of WW2, Korea had initially been divided into two separate halves, As the USSR and the West moved into the cold war era, the Korean peninsula became a symbol for both ideologies, a chessboard upon which the game of superpower politics could be played out whilst avoiding a direct confrontation.
And what ensued became the pattern that would continue throughout the cold war era.
The center of this particular chessboard was upon the 38th parrallel, drawn up directly in the middle of the peninsula. This regarded as a temporary arrangement by the rulers of each sector who looked towards a reunification under their particular regime. In the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994)was emboldened by the support he enjoyed from China as well as the Soviets. It was his agressive push into the south, which was presently controlled by the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965), that eventually escalated into a full blown confrontation which shortly drew in a reluctant USA.
Non-intervention was just not considered an option by the US, and of course the newly formed United Nations who agreed. But the UN forces made up less than 20% of the armies sent and the bulk of the mission fell on the shoulders of the USA.
The Forgotton War
The UN forces arrived to rescue a badly battered Korean army that had been pushed back by a surprise attack from the North.
But the poorly prepared UN army found itself sqaushed into a pocket in the extreme southern end of the Peninsula and looking down the barrel at a humiliating defeat.
It was the charismatic 2nd world war hero of the the Phillipines General Douglas McArthur who formulated a bold plan that swung the balance in favor of the western allies. After a succesful counterstrike which put the US forces within reach of the Northern Korean border, the Chinese considered this was enough of a threat to throw their vast army into the conflict. Of course the balance then swung the other way again. . .
After three messy and bloody years and nearly 5 million deaths a stalemate ensued . . .
The border was re-established at the 38th parrallel exactly where it was at the beginning.
1953 - It was all over and peace reigned once again. . .
A New Era Of Peace And Prosperity
The 1950s are noted in U.S. history as a time of compliance, conformity... as well as rebellion. The domestic scene saw two-parent families (with father at work and mother at home) promoted in popular TV shows like Leave it to Beaver. Social undercurrents subverting this view were seen in beat poetry, rock 'n' roll music, and in movies like Rebel Without a Cause starring teen heartthrob James Dean.
Roughly 60% of Americans fell under the category of the middle class. New highways and inexpensive cars ($2,000) and cheap gas (20 cents/gallon) made commuting to work possible.
This, in turn, allowed people to live in the suburbs. Fast-food (like McDonald's) fueled this "go-go-go" mentality. New fashions, slang words, music, and cars prompted many to dub it the "Fabulous" Fifties. But, as was the case with the "Roaring" Twenties, prosperity failed to reach everyone.
Of course there was the periphery, the drop outs and misfits who just couldn't keep up with the rest of them or didn't feel comfortable or at home in this time of conformity and conservatism.
The Rebels - Without Cause
Society has always had its misfits, people who cannot hide their weaknesses and their addictions. Also there are those non-conformists who have an instinctive abhorrence of social norms and constraints. Those who love freedom of expression and an unfetterred lifestyle. Who would speak for this segment of the post war America populace?
We were now well down time line since the pognostications of Nietzsche and other Darwinists seeking a brave new world. Just as these were adopted by the Russians who now had a government sanctioned religion of Marxist Atheism, at least in principle. . . there were many Americans who believed Marxism and Socialism had not been given a fair chance. It was the new method of government for a new world, that new world was the USA.
Aldous Huxly and George Orwell had already make gloomy predictions for the future of mankind as a Dystopian technological society controlled by faceless dictators. But they had already been disillusioned by what they had seen in Stalinist Russia. However in the USA there were still many Americans who hoped for a more succesful implementation of a socialist type state.
Well of course there too were the Puritan Christians who had escaped the autocratic choke hold the Roman Catholic Church in Europe and were also looking for a new freedom of religion in America. But generally, the USA was polarised already by this time with the more conservative congregating in the southern interior in the rural and farming communities. On the two coastlines and larger city centres being more liberal or leftist minded who embraced Atheism as a world view and Darwinism as its core belief.
The White Migration
These people are young newly weds who lived in the new rapidly growing suburbs, vast areas outside the cities in houses that looked very similar but were comfortable and filled with the new household inventions. They all worked hard and left their wives at home, to have kids. . . lots of them. These are the beginnings of the baby boomers.
They were conservative and conformists.
 |
| Sprawling suburbs mushrooming all with tree line streets and white picket fencing. |
They also seemed to have clung to the religious traditions of Christianity but had lost their belief in them. many had not made a decision about the Church and were happy to continue the tradition of Christianity without believing. Their new God was rather, materialism, hard work and study could get you things. . . to make you happy and safe and buy you time for leisure and entertainment. . . Many would not admit this, but felt strongly about maintaining the systems and traditions as a convention that kept society stable.
The business of Church was maintained - to perform marriages and funerals and for christening babies. An institution that was attended once a week to hear nice things about "loving thy neighbor" whilst the family roast was left sizzling in the oven or having a barbecue with a beloved neighbor.
What Could Go Wrong?
It was the children of these middle class Americans who began to demonstrate the great swing away from their parents long cherished values, they wanted their own culture and their own values. They seemed to be dissatisfied, restless, rebellious . . . Parents wondered why, and scratched their heads.
Another Untapped Opportunity. . .
One of the most ironic aspects of all this is the soulless manufacturing companies simply began to become aware of a new lucrative 'Youth culture' market to exploit. . . We will see how the hippies tried to eliminate fashion in the 60's, only to start a whole new one. The Punks in the 70's tried it again only to see Punk anti-fashion become a slightly more coifed high fashion among the yuppies of the 80's.
 |
| Whilst parents were watching new TV shows at home kids were listening to Rock n Roll on the Juke Box |
There were many who noticed the hypocrisy of this narrowly focussed life style, America was living in a media induced haze that did not really reflect reality. The magazines and the TV did not really show the country in an accurate light.
 |
| The New Suburbs did not have blacks . . . or Indians. . . or Mexicans living in them. . . |
White Americans were incentivised to move to the new modern suburbs, there was a steady migration out of the cties - dubbed "the White flight". Poorer people who did not qaulify for a suburban house, and black city dwellers, were left behind, they were poor tax payers and were subsequently concentrated into crime riddled ghettos. This poverty level was by and large kept out of the media and generally people were not even aware of it. Some refused to believe poverty could exist in Earth's richest nation. And the urban poor had few advocates to call attention to their plight.
An article in Fortune magazine confidently declared in 1960 that poverty in the U.S. "would be eliminated by the end of the decade"
 |
| “American Way”. Margaret Bourke-White, 1939. |
By 1960, almost three out of five Southern blacks lived in towns and cities, concentrated in large metropolitan areas like Atlanta and Washington, D.C. Large-scale migration to cities caused rising ambitions and expectations for equality. This soon became evident in the Civil Rights Movement. The "other" America could no longer be ignored.
The desperate plight of the Black city dwellers who had migrated from the south looking for a better life far was ignored by everyone. The white dominated Art establishment was divided between the regionalists and the abstractionists, and neither of them were interested in "colored Art"
If anybody had anything to say about afro Americans it was going to have to come from within their own ranks. . .
Artists Like Jacob Lawrence
 |
| Panel 1: During the World War there was a great migration North by the Southern Negroes |
The Black Migration
In 1941, Jacob Lawrence, then just 23 years old, completed a series of 60 small tempera paintings with text captions about the Great Migration, the multi-decade mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North that started around 1915.
During that period, black populations increased by almost forty percent in Northern states, gathering around urban centers like Chicago and New York.
 |
| The Migrants arrived in large numbers. |
 |
| panel 60: "The Migrants kept coming". |
This event was largely unreported and ignored by the media and whilst the struggles and deprivations were going on the White population was busy with their own migration, to the suburbs. The modern gadgets they bought to keep their homes cleaned, were going to be used by black 'help' that would travel out to the suburbs to clean the homes of the white owners and then head back to their ghettos in the evenings.
What did the art of the day say about the plight of the black urban dweller? If anyone was going to have something to say it would come from within the cities, by black artist like Charles White.
Their art was seen as a clear visual method to inform and educate the people.
This was obviously in complete opposition to the intellectual elitism of the so called modernists and had a direct link to the socialist leanings of the Mexican Muralists.
Its not that he was ignored, on the contrary his talent was indeed recognised, but almost like the regionalists we discussed previously, he was also categorized and put into a box.
The obvious question that arises is - surely this artist was clearly very gifted and truly brilliant, why is he only known today in Art history surveys? His work has the timelessness of all great Art, and yet it is still the abstractionists that are remembered from this time even though the great abstract experiment has become very much a Historical Vignette that is set firmly into the parameters of its time.
Charles whites work does indeed have a Historical setting but it is quite possible to admire any of his works without having to understand or research their Historical context.
The 'Social Realists'
Which strictly speaking belonged to a pre-war group that separated themselves from the modernist work seen at the armory show of 1912. Among these artists were also some strong Socialist leanings which were far more prevalent in the 1920's than in the post-war era.
The dignity of being human
White was determined to ennoble his people, as is plainly evident in his work. He travelled to the south to investigate his roots. It was in this time he developed a new understanding of the beauty of the “Negro” speech, folklore and poetry, dance and music. The music especially moved him. . . the spirituals, blues, ballads, the work songs.
The repercussions of this was going to go much further than he ever would have imagined, and how ironic that the youth of the deeply entrenched suburb dwelling middle class Whites would inadvertently build a bridge between the vast divide between white and black. . .
But more of this later.
He was invited to attend a workshop of the famous muralist David Siquerios. Together they studied and worked at Mexico’s famous graphic workshop Taller de Grafica Popular for nearly a year.
 |
| Contribution of the Negro to Democracy in America, 1943 |
“I saw artists working to create an art about and for the people,” said White of his Mexican experience. This idea that art must relate to all people and reach down to the working class, certainly had some marxist element to its premise. What is also ironic is the work of white elitists like
White post war Americans were paranoid too, this was the age of the great communist threat, quite a different scenario to the emergent Socialist Republic of Russia after world war one was this juggernaut Soviet Socialist union which had nuclear capability. Just imagine how the Marxist propagators of the new World were now suddenly the enemies of the State. At least this was how they were seen by senators like Joseph McCarthy who used American paranoia to promote himself into a powerful political position that then proceeded to initiate a witch hunt that coined a phrase known still today as McCarthyism.
The conservative middle class was happy with things just the way they were, thank you very much, and were determined to protect their new found material wealth from the commy rats and anybody in the USA who threatened their comfortable equilibrium.
Having said that, there was a tacit understanding among the white population that Discrimination had to go, most white suburb dwelling people were familiar with Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe,
These surely must have had an impact on peoples minds. . .
. . . but very little changed
Next: Part 2 The Red Scare
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